The countries of the world fall into two categories -
Karma-bhoomi and Bhoga-bhoomi - countries where the people are
devoted to activities with spiritual motivation and countries
where the people pursue the pathways of the senses, with no higher
purpose to guide them. The categories emphasise the ideals of the
people, down the ages. Bharath or India is the Karma-bhoomi, where
the people have discovered the proper goal of all activity, namely
the glorification of God, resident within and without.
Karma is inevitable; it is immanent in every thought. It is of
two kinds: Material and Spiritual, Loukik (connected with this
world) and Vaidik (drawn from the Vedas or scriptural
injunctions). Karma that merely sustains life is material. The
Vaidik that elevates the human into the Divine is based on either
the Vedas or on later texts like the Sastras or the Smrithi. They
can be any of the three: Mental, emotional or physical. They are
also determined by the activities which the individual has adopted
either in previous lives or in this. The consequences of acts done
in past lives that are affecting this life are called Praarabdha;
the Karma that one is engaged in now which is bound to affect the
future is called Aagaami; the stored Karma that is slowly being
worked out by the individual in life after life is called
Sanchitha.
The Sruthi and the Smrithi texts of India have thus classified
Karma, on the basis of the consequences it creates in the life of
the individual. The word Karma is short and crisp; it is used
freely by all and sundry. But, the idea and ideals it conveys are
of great significance to mankind. Karma is not simply physical; it
is mental, verbal and manual. Each one can read into it as much
value and validity as his reason can unravel.
Karma subsumes every activity of man - worldly, scriptural, and
spiritual. All the three strands are, in truth, intertwined; the
worldly Karma entails merit or demerit; the scriptural Karma is
saturated with the experience of generations of good seekers; the
spiritual devotes itself to the cleansing of the heart so that the
indwelling God may be reflected therein. Karma is a stream that
flows ever faster and faster turning the wheel of life and keeping
it incessantly active.
Karma means movement, or that which urges the movement. Air
moves in space; the moving air results in heat. It is the friction
caused by aerial motion that makes the latent heat manifest.
Living beings are able to maintain the temperature of the body, so
long as air is breathed in and breathed out. The quicker the
breath, the warmer the body. Warmth is the characteristic of fire.
Fire is the origin of water. The Sun, as one can see, raises
clouds. The particles of water get mixed with other elements and
then, hardens into 'earth' (ground soil). The earth produces and
fosters plants and trees, which feed and foster man and keep him
hale and hearty. These plants give the grain that man lives upon
and the seminal fluid that produces progency is the gift of the
grain. Thus is the Karma of creation effected and continued. This
is how the Smrithi summarises the process.
In short, Karma is observable here as movement, as progress, as
evolution and as hereditary effect.
It is only natural and reasonable to expect that this vast
flow, this constant movement must have something fixed and
unmoving as base and support. This is exactly what is posited as
Atma or Parabrahma. The very first vibratory movement on that base
happened when Parabrahma became Paramesvara and expressed the
three thirsts for Jnana (Wisdom), Iccha (Wish) and Kriya (Will).
That very movement was known as the primordial Karma, the Karma of
Being, transforming itself into Becoming, the Karma of Srshti.
It is the importance of Karma that necessitated the triple
aspects of Divinity, Brahma (who causes creation), Vishnu (who
supports and sustains) and Maheswara (who dissolves and destroys).
It is the Law of Karma that rules the motions of the stars, the
planets, the galaxies and other heavenly bodies in space. The same
law directs and controls all that happens in all the worlds. It is
inscrutable in its very essence. No one can penetrate into the
time or space when Karma was not. What, why, when and how events
do happen is beyond the capacity of man to predict with accuracy.
They are laid down from eternity to eternity.
Just as a work being done or an activity which is engaging one,
can be referred to as Karma, no work being done and no activity
being engaged in, are also Karma! On seeing a person silent and
calm, sitting quiet and doing nothing, we infer that he is free
from activity. How, then, can he be described as doing Karma? What
is meant by saying, "He is not doing any work", "He is not engaged
in any activity"? That statement only means that "He is engaged in
keeping himself away from any work or activity." So, it can be
affirmed that men sometimes are busy doing work and sometimes busy
with keeping work away from their attention; that is to say, they
are engaged in Karma as well as A-karma. If he is not engrossed or
attached with the Karma he does and is engaged in it as his duty,
as his way of worship, and if he is not attached to the fruit of
his action, then he can practise A-karma even in Karma. This is
the highest Sadhana.
The very first act with which the career of a living being
starts is "breathing and vibration of vital airs". When one thinks
of it, it is wonderful how it happens. It is an amazing mystery.
No human being resolves, at the moment of earthly life, to draw in
and breathe out the air that exists around him. It proceeds
without being willed or wished for. Not only man but every living
organism is evidence of this great marvel. Doubts may be raised.
"How can anything happen to man without his knowledge or without
his resolution?" It is best to answer this doubt by confessing
that man cannot unravel such secrets. Even if an attempt is made
to reply that "Nature is the cause", the question still remains,
"What exactly is Nature?" Breathing begins when life begins; it is
an automatic, natural act - it is said. But, all this is only
saying the same thing in other words. They do not explain
anything. It can as well be said that we are ignorant how it
happens just when it is most essential. It is indeed surprising
that the act of breathing is a mystery even to the person who
breathes.
When we reflect on the fact that yogis exercise their will and
stop their pulse-beats and their inhaling-exhaling process, we
realise the power of Will in inducing Karma. Karma we can infer,
is not something hanging loose in mid-air! Unless we become doers,
deeds do not emanate. "Na jaathi icchathi jethathe" says an axiom
in the Nyayasastra. "As one knows, so one wishes; as one wishes,
so one acts." The Vedantha Sutras also proclaim the same truth.
"Yad dhyaathi, tad icchathi" (That on which attention rests, that
is the thing wished for). "Yad icchathi tad karothi" (That on
which the wish rests that is the thing for which deeds are done).
"Yad Karothi, tad bhavathi" (That for which deeds are done, that
is what he becomes).
The manifest nature of the individual is moulded by desire. He
shapes himself in line with his hopes, aspirations, attempts and
achievements. Even his own future life is designed by him through
his decisions and deeds. The force that his 'reason' exerts on him
and which directs his will in specific directions is known as
Prakrithi, or 'Nature'. When once it is discovered that one's own
level of intelligence is the prime factor in determining one's
inclinations and desires, then, it is easy to follow the means by
which one can win release from the hold of "Prakrithi."
Karma is generally known to mean 'work'. Transactions and
actions of all kinds can be designated as 'work'. There are no
levels of work like low or high. All work is holy, if it has to be
done for the upkeep and uplift of life. This is the reason why
karma is praised as highly sacrosanct and desirable, and as
fraught with meritorious or deleterious consequences.
The Hindus ascribe good fortune and bad, joy and sorrow,
pleasure and pain, to the inescapable fruit of karma and so, it
has happened that some have labelled as idlers those who do not
resist and overwhelm distress, disease and pain. This is a partial
paralytic view, which ignores the guiding principles and
underlying philosophy of karma and knows it only as reflected in
worldly, material activities. This view is adopted and emphasised
to help particular sections to progress, that is all.
Take some examples from within your own experience. The
commuter working in an office, the farmer who lives on his own
toil, the porter who depends on his physical strength to gather
the meagre means of livelihood, the blacksmith, the potter, the
carpenter, the washerman, the barber - these are conscious of the
activities which they have to follow and the sense of duty with
which they have to follow them. They know that their lives cannot
flow smooth, when each one does not fill his assignment with
dedication. Therefore, they engage themselves in their profession
as best as their intelligence, skills and aspirations allow. But,
where is the need to prompt such people into further activity, to
warn them and encourage them? We have to undertake this task only
when they are unable or unwilling to carry on their duties.
In the case of Arjuna, who was confused about his duty and who
withheld from battle since he was befogged by a feeling of
renunciation, Sri Krishna said, "You have only to concentrate over
the act and carry it out as you can. To act and only to act is the
duty imposed on you." That was the immortal nectarine advice of
the Lord. This advice is quoted by many. But it must be pointed
out that this advice was given in the context of the restoration
of Righteousness. It deals with activities approved by holy
scriptures and sastras and not with worldly, sensual and animal
activities like seeking food, shelter and mates.
Dharmaraja and others were immersed in worldly affairs and they
were past-masters in dealing with worldly situations. They were
engaged constantly in following and fostering duties and
responsibilities laid down for the four castes in society and the
four stages of life. Why then should they be prompted and
persuaded, counselled and commanded to engage in battle?
Krishna advised only Arjuna to resume his bow and arrows,
presenting before him many an argument. "You are born in the
Kshatriya caste; that caste is entrusted by social norms with the
execution of one social duty, fighting against injustice. Engaging
in battle against wickedness is your responsibility. Do not desert
that duty and discard that burden. Man is bound to the
inclinations implanted in him by Nature. Again, consider this. Man
has to be ever involved in some activity or other; he cannot live
without it even for a moment. Therefore, it is best you act now,
in accordance with the inclination and skill impressed on you by
your ancestry and heredity". This is the lesson taught to him, the
Kula-Dharma, the path of the caste or class to which he belonged.
Does 'work' connote only acts by which food etc., are procured?
Aircraft, ships, factories, hospitals are products of work. They
too can be said to involve only worldly material 'work'. This type
of work is important for living, and happy living here is a
preparation for spiritual advancement in the hereafter. The more
faulty one's activities in his worldly pursuits, the less success
will be for the individual, the society and the nation. There can
be no two opinions on these points. Nevertheless, men do not exert
as efficiently and as enthusiastically for spiritual advancement,
as they do for worldly success and fame. This is indeed a pity.